SOURCES HIIDE FULL

For each source, you’ll typically include the: The information included in reference entries is broadly similar, whatever citation style you’re using. It appears at the end of your paper, usually with a hanging indent applied to each entry.

SOURCES HIIDE FULL

Reference lists and bibliographiesĪ reference list (aka “Bibliography” or “Works Cited,” depending on the style) is where you provide full information on each of the sources you’ve cited in the text. NoteSome special Latin terms are also used in in-text citations, such as “ et al.” (used for multiple authors) and “ ibid.” (used for repeated citations). Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species (London: John Murray, 1859), 510. Example: Note citation (Chicago)Evolution is a gradual process that “can act only by very short and slow steps.” 1 1. Since they’re not embedded in the text itself, these citations can provide more detail and sometimes aren’t accompanied by a full reference list or bibliography. There are also note citation styles, where you place your citations in either footnotes or endnotes. Example: Numerical citation (Vancouver)Evolution is a gradual process that “can act only by very short and slow steps” (1, p. 510).Īn alternative to this type of in-text citation is the system used in numerical citation styles, where a number is inserted into the text, corresponding to an entry in a numbered reference list. Example: Parenthetical citation (APA)Evolution is a gradual process that “can act only by very short and slow steps” (Darwin, 1859, p. In-text citations most commonly take the form of parenthetical citations featuring the last name of the source’s author and its year of publication (aka author-date citations). You can also use the interactive tool below to explore the format for various source types in both styles. MLA article for a comparison of two of the most popular styles. If in doubt, check with your instructor or read other papers from your field of study to see what style they follow.

There are many other citation styles for different disciplines.

Chicago author-date, used in the (social) sciences.Chicago notes and bibliography, common in the humanities.APA Styleis widely used in the social sciences and beyond.

Make sure to pick one style and use it consistently: In some cases, you may have to choose a citation style for yourself. Usually, your institution (or the journal you’re submitting to) will require you to follow a specific citation style, so check your guidelines or ask your instructor. This is information that you can assume most people know, such as the fact that Tokyo is the capital city of Japan. NoteYou usually don’t need to cite common knowledge.

That includes websites, YouTube videos, and lectures. As well as citing scholarly sources like books and journal articles, don’t forget to include citations for any other sources you use for ideas, examples, or evidence. It’s important that the paraphrase is not too close to the original wording.Ĭitations are needed whether you quote or paraphrase, and whatever type of source you use.

To paraphrase a source, put the text into your own words.

To quote a source, copy a short piece of text word for word and put it inside quotation marks.

This usually means quoting or paraphrasing:

To allow the reader to consult your sources for themselvesĪ citation is needed whenever you integrate a source into your writing.

To give proper credit to the author of that source.

To avoid plagiarism by indicating when you’re taking information from another source.

Frequently asked questions about citing sourcesĬitations are required in all types of academic texts.

1527-1533, SEP 28, 1990.Īmerican Psychological Association (APA) style: Langer, ' New Methods of Drug Delivery,' Science, vol. Notice the common elements as mentioned above:Īrticle Title - New Methods of Drug Delivery Here is an example of an article citation using four different citation styles. Choose an appropriate style guide for your needs.

volume and issue numbers (for articles)Ĭitations may look different, depending on what is being cited and which style was used to create them.

titles of books, articles, and journals.

They are found in bibliographies and reference lists and are also collected in article and book databases.Ĭitations consist of standard elements, and contain all the information necessary to identify and track down publications, including: from another place.Ĭitations are a short way to uniquely identify a published work (e.g. Citing a source means that you show, within the body of your text, that you took words, ideas, figures, images, etc.